Iran's nuclear program has been in development since the 1950's - while it was paused shortly thereafter, The Iranian Revolutinary Guard Corps (IRGC) revived it followkng the Islamic Revolution (1979). In recent years, the program has expanded to include several refinement facillities, large stockpiles of enriched uranium, and both civil and military aims.

Following the collapse of the Novi Sad Railway Station in 2024, which killed 16 people, anti-government student protests have emerged across Serbia. By March, protests have spread to over 400 cities, including Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis, reaching a peak of 350,000 participants in the largest protest held in Belgrade last March. 

Sub-sovereign debt refers to debt issued by regional authorities (e.g. states, districts, cities). Sovereign debt refers to debt issued by the national government directly. 

Before 2024, municipalities in the Netherlands took in asylum seekers on a voluntarily basis only. This led to a concentration of most asylum seekers into specific areas such as Ter Apel, Amsterdam, Leeuwarden. To combat this trend, the Dutch goverment introduced the Spreidingswet (Spreading Law), which requires each municipality to host a proportional amount of the country's asylum seekers and construct reception centers for them. The centers must at minimum provide temporary housing and basic services to all asylees to meet guidelines.

For the purposes of this debate, Tafsir and Fiqh refer to two distinct approaches adopted by Islamic feminist organizations. Feminist Tafsir are reinterpretations and relitigations of the Qur'an and religious law on women's rights. Tafsir is used to argue for theological reforms at religious courts and religious universities. By contrast, Feminist Fiqh is an approach which utilizes the state's secular legal system and legalist principles to launch challenges against legislation which discriminates against women.

“Going public” means a company begins selling ownership to the general public through the stock market.

A university's research contribution is usually measured by metrics such as publication volume, citations, patent production, and scientific breakthroughs.

For the purpose of this debate, under the ‘Not Guilty for the Reason of Insanity’ (NGRI) model, a defendant who was found to have severe mental illness or defect at the time of committing a crime is formally acquitted of a crime, and placed to a mental health facility, with their release being dependent on periodic reviews.

Under the ‘Guilty but Mentally Ill’ (GBMI) model, the defendant is found guilty, receives a regular sentence, part of which is mental health treatment. If found to be mentally fit before the end of their sentence, they must still serve the remainder of the sentence in prison.